Cultural cognition

Why do members of the public disagree—sharply and persistently—about facts on which expert scientists largely agree? We designed a study to test a distinctive explanation: the cultural cognition of scientific consensus. The “cultural cognition of risk” refers to the tendency of individuals to form risk perceptions that are congenial to their values. The study, published in the Journal of Risk Research, presents both correlational and experimental evidence confirming that cultural cognition shapes individuals’ beliefs about the existence of scientific consensus, and the process by which they form such beliefs, relating to climate change, the disposal of nuclear wastes, and the effect of permitting concealed possession of handguns. The implications of this dynamic for science communication and public policy-making are discussed.related video: Dan Kahan, Cultural Cognition and the Challenge of Science Communication (Cambridge University, Sept. 29, 2010)

The recent elections have focused our attention on the role of religion in the lives of Americans. We have seen both the best and the worst examples of how religion can be used to influence others. One group that has not been addressed is children. They seldom have any say in their religious education, or lack thereof, as children. Given that young children are uniquely primed to learn by imitation, religion is likely one of the easiest, and most exclusive ways to mold a child’s worldview. Often, this is a very bad thing.

Children are naturally curious and questioning learners. We often don’t even realize how much they pick up from the people and situations around them. Religious principles are uniquely responsible for much of the difficulty children have with understanding the world around them. Western religions, in particular, emphasize exclusivity at a time when we most need to understand and champion the connections among every thing in the cosmos so that we can bring forth the best ideas unencumbered by religious restrictions. A religion that teaches a child that specific groups of people are going to suffer eternal damnation both confuses them, and makes them fearful about many things they experience – an adult gay relative that they can’t talk to; the family next door that doesn’t celebrate Christmas; the inter-racial family down the block; the aunt with schizophrenia; the poor family with kids that are badly clothed and fed, etc.

Religious principles are used to teach children their place in the family and in society. Children are taught to “do unto others” through some form of the Golden Rule, yet they often witness adults flagrantly violating that “rule.” They are taught that “Jesus loves you”, yet can easily see that there are many who, apparently, are not loved. Or, perhaps their family religion is never quite satisfied that someone is “good enough” to go to Heaven, or who is suffering daily on earth despite the love of Jesus, God, Allah, or any other religious totem. To wield the threat of eternal damnation is not only cruel, but can also be permanently damaging. The Puritans who first settled in North America actually believed that children were born “bad” and the only way to cure them was “to beat the devil out of them.”

What effect does this have on children?

The effects are myriad – ranging from confusion, inaccurate information, being labeled as “bad”, having friends labeled as “bad”, thinking that some topics can never be discussed to the point of understanding, and questioning why adults can use religious dogma to someone else’s disadvantage without following the same rules themselves. Children’s understanding of religion is regularly cut short because the adults around them do not have a clear understanding of the role of religion in their own lives.

The most egregious examples of this occur in smaller sects where there is less oversight of what is done in the name of religion. Punishment “in the name of God” is a frequent part of children’s lives in the most dogmatic religious homes. Religion’s faith-based dogma is positioned not to provide reasons for anything – “Do not question God (or parents), or you’ll be punished.” However, even our more mainstream religious groups can also use their authority to the detriment of children – priests engaged in pedophilia, for example, or sects of LDS that engage in polygamy and child marriage – all under the threat of eternal punishment for lack of unquestioning obedience.

The curiosity that children have while young should be encouraged and celebrated as their best possible way to acquire healthy attitudes about our world. It is a curiosity that is often “trained” out of the child by fifth grade – “this” is the correct answer, or “God hates” certain things, or “God does everything for a purpose” – even when a child dies from a painful illness or parents die while the child is young. How confusing this must be for children, and they are not taught how to reconcile these things with the idea of the God they must love and obey. From its very beginnings, organized religion has been about controlling people’s behavior, and its most powerful gift was eternal life while its most powerful threat was eternal damnation. It is tremendously destructive to be told one cannot question why bad things happen or to think that there might be a better way to do something.

Our best future will come from individuals who constantly question “why”, and never accept the answer “because God said so.” Critical thinking skills must be taught and learned by every single person in order for our entire civilization to progress. Children must be encouraged to ask questions, and to expect to be taught how to find satisfactory answers in order to form a rational, realistic, and progressive worldview. If we followed the natural development of a child’s intellectual growth, we’d focus on learning how to live in balance with Nature; learn how to empathize, sympathize and show compassion; teach problem-solving skills; and model tolerance and acceptance. Nothing should be “off limits” for discussion and/or change.

Blind since birth, Marie-Laure Martin had always thought that candle flames were big balls of fire. The 39-year-old woman couldn’t see the flames themselves, but she could sense the candle’s aura of heat. Last October, she saw a candle flame for the first time. She was stunned by how small it actually was and how it danced. There’s a second marvel here: She saw it all with her tongue.”

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/2156

I’m really struggling and am desperate never to go back to the religion I was raised in, but I no longer want to live in fear or depression.  It seems that I am walking through the jungle alone with my machete; no one to share my crazy and sometimes scary thoughts with.

After years of depression, anxiety, anger, and finally a week in a psychiatric hospital a year ago, I am now trying to pick up the pieces and put them together into something that makes sense.  I’m confused.  My whole identity is a shredded, tangled mess.  I am in utter turmoil.

These comments are not unusual for people suffering with Religious Trauma Syndrome, or RTS.  Religious trauma?  Isn’t religion supposed to be helpful, or at least benign?  In the case of fundamentalist beliefs, people expect that choosing to leave a childhood faith is like giving up Santa Claus – a little sad but basically a matter of growing up.

But religious indoctrination can be hugely damaging, and making the break from an authoritarian kind of religion can definitely be traumatic.  It involves a complete upheaval of a person’s construction of reality, including the self, other people, life, the future, everything.  People unfamiliar with it, including therapists, have trouble appreciating the sheer terror it can create and the recovery needed.

My own awareness of this problem took some time.  It began with writing about my own recovery from a fundamentalist Christian background, and very quickly, I found out I was not alone.  Many other people were eager to discuss this hidden suffering.  Since then, I have worked with clients in the area of “recovery from religion” for about twenty years and wrote a self-help book called Leaving the Fold on the subject.

In my view, it is time for society to recognize the real trauma that religion can cause.  Just like clearly naming problems like anorexia, PTSD, or bipolar disorder made it possible to stop self-blame and move ahead with learning methods of recovery, we need to address Religious Trauma Syndrome. The internet is starting to overflow with stories of RTS and cries for help.  On forums for former believers (such as exchristian.net), one can see the widespread pain and desperation. In response to my presentation about RTS on YouTube, a viewer commented:

Thank you so much. This is exciting because millions of people suffer from this. I have never heard of Dr. Marlene but more people are coming out to talk? about this issue. Millions–who are quietly suffering and being treated for other issues when the fundamental issue is religious abuse.

Barriers to Getting Help for RTS

At present, raising questions about toxic beliefs and abusive practices in religion seems to be violating a taboo, even with helping professionals.   In society, we treasure our freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion.  Our laws and mores reflect the general principle that if we are not harming others, we can do as we like.  Forcing children to go to church hardly seems like a crime.  Real damage is assumed to be done by extreme fringe groups we call “cults” and people have heard of ritual abuse.   Moreover, religious institutions have a vested interest in promoting an uncritical view.

But mind-control and emotional abuse is actually the norm for many large, authoritarian, mainline religious groups.  The sanitization of religion makes it all the more insidious.  When the communities are so large and the practices normalized, victims are silenced.

Therapists have no real appropriate diagnosis in their manual. Even in the commonly used list of psychological stresses, amidst all the change and loss and disruption, there is no mention of losing one’s religion.  Yet it can be the biggest crisis ever faced.  This is important for therapists to be aware of because people are leaving the ranks of traditional religious groups in record numbers¹ and they are reporting real suffering.

Another obstacle in getting help is that most people with RTS have been taught to fear psychology as something worldly and therefore evil.   It is very likely that only a fraction of people with RTS are even seeking help.  Within many dogmatic, self-contained religions, mental health problems such as depression or anxiety are considered sins. They are seen as evidence of not being right with God.  A religious counselor or pastor advises more confession and greater obedience as the cure, and warns that secular help from a mental health professional would be dangerous.

God is called the “great physician” and a person should not need any help from anyone else.  Doubt is considered wrong, not honest inquiry.  Moreover, therapy is a selfish indulgence.   Focusing on one’s own needs is always sinful in this religious view, so RTS victims are often not even clear how to get help.  The clients I have worked with have had to overcome ignorance, guilt, and fear to make initial contact.

What is RTS?

I suffer with guilt and depression and struggle to let go of religion.  I am also battling with an existential crisis of epic proportions and intense heartache. . . I feel like I am the only person in the world that this has happened to.  Some days are okay, but others are terrible.  I do not know if I will make it through this.

Religious Trauma Syndrome is the condition experienced by people who are struggling with leaving an authoritarian, dogmatic religion and coping with the damage of indoctrination.  They may be going through the shattering of a personally meaningful faith and/or breaking away from a controlling community and lifestyle. The symptoms compare most easily with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, which results from experiencing or being confronted with death or serious injury which causes feelings of terror, helplessness, or horror.  This can be a single event or chronic abuse of some kind.  With RTS, there is chronic abuse, especially of children, plus the major trauma of leaving the fold.  Like PTSD, the impact of RTS is long-lasting, with intrusive thoughts, negative emotional states, impaired social functioning, and other problems.

With RTS, the trauma is two-fold.  First, the actual teachings and practices of a restrictive religion can be toxic and create life-long mental damage.  In many cases, the emotional and mental abuse is compounded by physical and sexual abuse due to the patriarchal, repressive nature of the environment.

Second, departing a religious fold adds enormous stress as an individual struggles with leaving what amounts to one world for another. This usually involves significant and sudden loss of social support while facing the task of reconstructing one’s life.  People leaving are often ill-prepared to deal with this, both because they have been sheltered and taught to fear the secular world and because their personal skills for self-reliance and independent thinking are underdeveloped.

Individuals can experience RTS in different ways depending on a variety of factors.  Some key symptoms of RTS are:

• Confusion, difficulty making decisions, trouble thinking for self, lack of meaning or direction, undeveloped sense of self

• Anxiety being in “the world,” panic attacks, fear of damnation, depression, thoughts of suicide, anger, bitterness, betrayal, guilt, grief and loss, difficulty with expressing emotion

• Sleep and eating disorders, substance abuse, nightmares, perfectionism, discomfort with sexuality, negative body image, impulse control problems, difficulty enjoying pleasure or being present here and now

• Rupture of family and social network, loneliness, problems relating to society, personal relationship issues

These comments from people going through it may be the best way to convey the intensity of RTS:

I get depressed and upset. Jesus no longer saves me. God no longer created me.  What purpose is there? What am I left with?  What do ex-Christians fill the hole with?  So we are here for no reason, no divine plan. From nothing—into nothing; reality is harsh. Plus I’m pissed that I was so brainwashed for so long – smashing CDs, burning books, rebuking Satan. . . it’s like having your entire world turned upside down, no, destroyed.

There is a lot of guilt and I react to most religion with panic attacks and distress, even photos, statues or TV. . . I guess although I was willing it was like brainwashing.  It’s very hard to shake. . . It’s been a nightmare.

I felt despair and hopelessness that I would ever be normal, that I would ever be able to undo the forty years of brainwashing.

My form of religion was very strongly entrenched and anchored deeply in my heart.  It is hard to describe how fully my religion informed, infused, and influenced my entire worldview.  My first steps out of fundamentalism were profoundly frightening and I had frequent thoughts of suicide.  Now I’m way past that but I still haven’t quite found “my place in the universe.”

I feel angry, powerless, hopeless, and hurt—scars from the madness Christianity once had me suffering in.

It took years of overcoming terrific fear as well as self-loathing to emancipate myself from my cult-like upbringing years ago. Still, the aftermath of growing up like that has continued to affect me negatively as a professional (nightmares, paranoia, etc.).

The world was a strange and frightening place to me. I feared that all the bad, nasty things that I had been brought up to believe would happen to anyone who left the cult would in fact happen to me!

Even now I still lack the ability to trust very easily and becoming very close to people is something I still find very alien and hard to achieve.

After 21 years of marriage my husband feels he cannot accept me since I have left the “church” and is divorcing me.

My parents have stopped calling me.  My dad told me I’m going to hell (he’s done this my whole life!).

I had to move away from my home because I just could not be in the environment any more.  My entire family is Christian and I struggle to explain to them what I am going through.  I feel extremely isolated and sometimes I wonder if I am going insane.  I am extremely lonely and I suffer from intense depression at times.

I lost all my friends.  I lost my close ties to family.  Now I’m losing my country. I’ve lost so much because of this malignant religion and I am angry and sad to my very core. . . I have tried hard to make new friends, but I have failed miserably. . . I am very lonely.

Many of us feel that we cannot relate to the ‘outside’ world as the teachings we were brought up on are all we know and our only frame of reference.

My new secular friends wouldn’t understand.  My Christian friends either have abandoned me or keep praying for me.

My attempts to think outside the Christian box are like the attempts of a convict to escape Alcatraz prison– tunnel through hundreds of feet of stone and concrete, outsmart gun-carrying guards, only to maybe make it to the choppy freezing cold water and a deadly swim to safety. This may be a little dramatic, but true to my heart. I now continue to try to rebuild my soul from the abuse it’s endured.

RTS can range in severity, depending on specific teachings and practices of particular churches, pastors, or parents.  Persons most at risk of RTS are those who were:

• raised in their religion,

• sheltered from the rest of the world,

• very sincerely and personally involved, and/or

• from a very controlling form of religion.

The important thing to realize is that Religious Trauma Syndrome is real.   While it may be easier to understand the damage done by sexual abuse or a natural disaster, religious practices can be just as harmful.  More and more people need help and the taboos about criticizing religion need to be questioned.

Coming up:

Part 2: Understanding RTS:  Trauma From Religion

Part 3: Understanding RTS:  Trauma From Leaving Religion, Why RTS is So Invisible

¹ The American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) from 2008 indicates that Americans by the millions are making an exodus from their faith. The number of people who affiliate themselves with “No religion” has nearly doubled from 1990 to 2008. The 18.7 million people who fall in this gap have presumably come from mainline Protestant, Baptist, and Catholic churches, which have lost 12.7 million believers during the same time frame.

More information about RTS and recovery services can be found at www.journeyfree.org.  A 3-day recovery retreat is scheduled for July 29-Aug.1, 2011 in the San Francisco Bay Area.

UN Convention on the Rights of The Child